Literally, “having been born again,” with probable reference to the readers’ past conversion through the power of the Word of God. For comment on the new birth see on John 3:3-8.

 Gr. phthartos, “subject to decay.” See on v. 18.

 Perhaps a reference to the parable of the Sower, where the “seed” represents “the word of God” sown in the hearts of men (see on Matt. 13:3-9, 18-23). Or, Peter may here refer to the physical birth of each individual.

 Gr. aphthartos (see on v. 4).

 Peter may here refer either to the “word” or to “God.” Both are true (cf. Heb. 4:12). Perhaps “living and abiding Lord” is more harmonious with the context.

Textual evidence favors (cf. p. 10) the omission of these words.

 That is, the word which proceeds from God. Compare “the word of the kingdom” (Matt. 13:19). The Scriptures constitute God’s word for man (see on 2 Tim. 3:16). By adhering to its principles any man will experience a “new birth” of hope, strength, and character. Apart from the “word of God” man can expect no moral transformation, no spiritual regeneration.